肠化生(肠上皮化生)监测

胃部的肠化生(IM)是发展成肠型胃癌的一危险因素。岂因为胃内酸性降低,伴随胃粘膜改变其外观偏向肠粘膜。肠化生常发生于幽门螺杆菌感染的患者、吸烟者和酒精饮用者,以及缺乏必需维生素(包括常见于新鲜蔬果中的维生素C)的人身上[1]。胆汁反流也是导致肠化生的危险因素之一。当幽门螺杆菌存在时,需要使用根除治疗法来治疗,良好的证据显示这有助于IM的消退[2]。应鼓励患者戒烟,减少酒精摄入,同时,有证据证明抗氧化剂(新鲜水果和蔬菜和维生素C)可以预防和逆转IM。

持续监控

胃肠化生(GIM)的患者罹患胃癌的风险可能比一般人高出10倍[3]。 GIM被认为是恶化前病症,可能是对环境刺激如幽门螺杆菌感染、吸烟和高盐饮食的适应性反应的结果[3]。英国有2项回溯性研究中评估了监测的潜在益处[4,5]。根据研究结果,胃癌的发病率高达11%[5]。内窥镜监测与早期癌症检测皆和提高生存率相关[4,5]。此外,GIM和高度不典型增生(HGD)的患者有很高的罹患常见或少见恶性肿瘤的风险[5]。在回顾性[6,7]和前瞻性[8-10]研究皆是。

欧洲对GIM和HGD患者的研究显示,内窥镜监测的癌症检出率为33%〜85%。一项对GIM患者管理的评估显示,建议对于大多数美国患者,进展为癌症的风险低,并且在临床上除非其他的胃癌危险因子同时存在(如胃癌家族史和亚洲血统),否则并不需要监测[11]。最近的欧洲普查声明建议,如果在GIM患者中检测到低度异型增生,应在1年内使用进行断层定位切片策略重复进行EGD监测[12]。最理想的后续内窥镜监测频率目前尚未知。当两个连续内窥镜检查都没有发现异常增生时,可能会暂停监测。确诊的HGD患者应进行手术或内镜切除术,因为这些患者罹患共存浸润性腺癌的机率很高。 25%的HGD患者在一年内会发展为腺癌[13]。如果确诊为幽门螺杆菌感染,应进行根除治疗。对于诊断为GIM确诊后,是否应该对疑似幽门螺杆菌进行治疗,目前仍然存在争议。

参考文献

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